popups = new Array; // ASV popups[0] = new Array ( '

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) is a highly precise, virtually interference-free method.

'+ '

Whole blood is added to the reagent solution (Fig. 1), '+ '
Any lead present is released from the blood components (Fig. 2).'+ '
Now, any lead in the reagent solution is concentrated (plated) onto a thin-film electrode during the plating step of the analysis cycle (Fig. 3).'+ '
The plated lead is removed from the electrode by applying a stripping current (Fig. 4). The amount of lead is measured by integration of the electrical current released during this rapid electrochemical step. '+ '

'+ '

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

'+ '

'+ '

The current released during the stripping step is directly proportional to the amount of lead present in the blood sample.

', 500, 100 ); // HPLC popups[1] = new Array ( "High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an analytical-chemistry-based tool for analyzing mixtures of chemical compounds. It is used to determine the amount of a chemical compound within a mixture of other chemicals, for example the exact amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient in a drug. The sample is dissolved in a solvent (like water or alcohol) and a detector measures response changes between the solvent itself, and the solvent and sample when passing through it. The electrical response is digitized and sent to a data system. Click here for more information.", 300, 100 ); // Magellan popups[2] = new Array ( 'Magellan serves the worldwide clinical-diagnostics market with rapid point-of-care analyzers and automated systems for near-patient testing. Scientists use our discovery systems and sensors for cutting-edge research to develop a new understanding of health and illness - from disease pathology to biomarker identification. We design all our systems, sensors, and consumables to deliver better, more-reliable results. And better results help drive improved health outcomes: earlier, more-accurate diagnoses; breakthroughs that can lead to novel treatments, new cures - innovations to enhance life. A privately held company, Magellan serves customers through wholly owned subsidiaries: ESA Biosciences, Dynex Technologies, and TekCel. Click here to visit Magellan´s Web site.', 300, 100 ); // dynex popups[3] = new Array ( "The Experts in Microplate Analysis, Dynex Technologies, Inc. is a leading manufacturer of microplate instrumentation incorporating advanced detection and fully automated sample handling, consumables, and accessories used in clinical diagnostics, drug discovery, biomedical research, and industrial applications worldwide. Founded in 1952, Dynex is headquartered in Chantilly, Virginia. Click here to visit Dynex's Web site.", 300, 100 ); // tekcel popups[4] = new Array ( //"Founded in 1998, TekCel LLC is a leading innovator of sample-management and assay-automation systems for biomedical research. TekCel's solutions yield dramatic improvements in efficiency and effectiveness by automating manual processes, integrating applications, and maximizing process controls to ensure biological and chemical sample integrity and resulting data fidelity. TekCel's modular, scalable family of products includes sample-management automation, liquid handling, software, and proprietary consumables addressing the researchers' needs from archive compound storage through screening result. Click here to visit TekCel's Web site.", "The leading provider of in-lab sample-management and storage systems for critical research applications, TekCel's modular products protect biological and chemical samples and ensure the reliability of sample-related data. TekCel provides all the benefits of advanced automation, without the complexity associated with installing, operating, and maintaining large-scale custom systems. We design our products to be easily integrated into existing lab infrastructure and processes with minimal disruption, and to be readily expandable to accommodate a growing sample collection. Our systems provide researchers unparalleled flexibility and security, while delivering to the lab dramatic improvements in efficiency and effectiveness. Founded in 1998, and headquartered in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, TekCel is a Magellan Biosciences company.The leading provider of in-lab sample-management and storage systems for critical research applications, TekCel's modular products protect biological and chemical samples and ensure the reliability of sample-related data. TekCel provides all the benefits of advanced automation, without the complexity associated with installing, operating, and maintaining large-scale custom systems. We design our products to be easily integrated into existing lab infrastructure and processes with minimal disruption, and to be readily expandable to accommodate a growing sample collection. Our systems provide researchers unparalleled flexibility and security, while delivering to the lab dramatic improvements in efficiency and effectiveness. Founded in 1998, and headquartered in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, TekCel is a Magellan Biosciences company.", 300, 100 ); // app form popups[5] = new Array ( "app form..", 300, 100 ); // metabolites popups[6] = new Array ( "Metabolites are an organism's low-molecular-weight molecules (e.g., amino acids, peptides, lipids, carbohydrates) – biochemical byproducts that result when a substance breaks down (metabolizes).", 300, 100 ); // lead care results popups[7] = new Array ( '

', 300, 100 ); // coolchem1 popups[8] = new Array ( '

The fictitious compound below shows electrochemically active functional groups. Electrochemically active compounds are typically aromatic in nature and contain hydroxyl, methoxyl, or amine groups. Aliphatic compounds, such as thiols and amines, are electrochemically active. Some compounds, like carbohydrates, require a special form of detection called pulsed amperometric detection, or PAD.

Model compound showing moieties contributing to electroactivity

1) OXIDATION ON CARBON WORKING ELECTRODE. DC MODE
2) REDUCTION ON CARBON WORKING ELECTRODE. DC MODE
3)OXIDATION ON CARBON WORKING ELECTRODE FOLLOWING DERIVATIZATION
4) OXIDATION ON MERCURY OR MERCURY/GOLD AMALGAM. DC MODE
5) OXIDATION ON GOLD WORKING ELECTRODE. PAD MODE

', 500, 100 ); // coolchem2 popups[9] = new Array ( '

Many compounds are electrochemically active and can be measured using HPLC-ECD. The following categories display compounds that are electrochemically active, based on either their chemical structure or from citations in the scientific literature. The presence of a compound name in a category does not imply that an analytical method for its determination is available from ESA.

Click an item in the list below to review known electroactive species in each compound class.

' + 'Amino Acids
' + 'Antioxidants
' + 'Chlorinated Anilines
' + 'Chlorinated Napthols
' + //'Chlorinated Phenols
' + 'DNA Adducts
' + 'Drugs
' + 'Flavonoids and Phenolics
' + 'General Biochemicals
' + 'Herbicides and Phenols
' + 'Hydroquinone Conjugates
' + 'Hydroxylated Bipheyls
' + 'Neurotoxins
' + 'PCB Metabolites
' + 'Polynuclear Aromatics
' + 'ROS/RNS
' + 'Spin Traps
' + 'Vitamins' , 300, 100 ); // corona1 popups[10] = new Array ( 'CAD Technology provides consistently high sensitivity and low limits of detection independent of molecular structure. The Corona CAD can readily detect compounds present in low nanogram quantities. In the example here, 10 nanograms each of 4 carbohydrates are detected.

', 520, 100 ); // corona2 popups[11] = new Array ( "Corona CAD's unique method of detection allows quantitation across a range that exceeds four orders of magnitude. This large dynamic range allows the use of the Corona detector in applications where detecting compounds in widely varying amounts is important. Common universal detectors struggle, or find it impossible to perform these demanding measurements. The dynamic range of the Corona detector (low ng to high µg) closely matches the requirements for most HPLC methods, so CAD technology can be implemented with minimal impact on established procedures.", 300, 100 ); // corona3 popups[12] = new Array ( 'The Corona CAD offers consistent and reproducible performance. The Corona detector attains excellent precision (RSD typically less than 2%), making it practical for routine analysis in the QC environment. Here are overlaid results of 10 identical injections of glucose, caffeine, propranolol, and chlorpromazine.

', 520, 100 ); // corona4 popups[13] = new Array ( 'Corona CAD shows consistent inter-analyte response independent of chemical structure. This means that the Corona detector can be used routinely for quantitation. The Corona CAD is a superior technology for achieving more accuracy in relative mass measurements.', 300, 100 ); // corona5 popups[14] = new Array ( "The Corona detector can effectively analyze a wide range of chemical structures and classes. For example, in a recent study of diverse compound classes, the Corona CAD detected all analytes (with the exception of Naphthol, a low-MW volatile compound), even compounds without chromophores.", 300, 100 ); // corona6 popups[15] = new Array ( '

', 520, 100 ); // corona7 popups[16] = new Array ( '

While mass spectrometers are typically found in drug-discovery research laboratory settings, they are too delicate, difficult to use, and costly to deploy widely as routine analysis tools in product formulation and production. HPLC configured with UV detection has become the primary tool used for "downstream" pharmaceutical applications – from forced-degradation studies (used to determine when, how, and why the drug candidate degrades so as to ultimately determine the best product formulation) to impurity testing, cleaning validations, and QA/QC.

'+ '

While UV is a relatively easy technology to use, it has significant limitations; it cannot consistently see a wide range of molecules that are common in pharmaceuticals because UV measurement is dictated by how well or how poorly it absorbs UV light, and absorbance of UV light is dictated by molecular structure. The typical pharmaceutical formulation has dozens of molecules, each of which is likely to have substantially different UV absorbance characteristics – from no UV response, (in the case of sugars, lipids, and many small organic molecules) – to a massive UV response (e.g. benzyl and phenyl constituents). Because UV response can vary by orders of magnitude, important constituents of a sample can be easily overlooked due to their poor UV response – and not their lack of abundance. In other words, using UV measurement alone, it would be easy to conclude mistakenly that some molecules comprise a large constituent of a mixture (based on massive response, not actual quantity), and other molecules a small portion of the mixture (base on poor UV response, despite abundance).

'+ '

Scientists have attempted to apply other, so-called "universal" detector technologies, such as evaporative light scattering detectors (ELSD) and chemiluminescent nitrogen detectors (CLND) to make up for the deficits of UV. However, these technologies do not have the high level of sensitivity, dynamic range, reproducibility, and robustness necessary to become reliable, workhorse instruments in critical pharmaceutical applications. They are universal in name only; they cannot see all compounds in all circumstances.

', 400, 100 ); // corona8 popups[17] = new Array ( '

', 620, 100 ); // corona9 popups[18] = new Array ( '

', 300, 100 ); // corona9 popups[22] = new Array ( '

', 730, 100 ); // Pheochromocytomas popups[19] = new Array ( "Pheochromocytomas are chromaffin cell tumors that generally arise in the adrenal glands and are characterized by excessive production of catecholamines that can lead to hypertension and to a fatal illness if left undiagnosed or untreated.", 300, 100 ); // metabolomics bottom popups[20] = new Array( "metabolomics bottom page popup...", 300, 100 ); // services popup popups[21] = new Array( "ESA Laboratories, Inc. offers the following services: "+ ""+ ""+ "

Fat Soluble Vitamins (Plasma/Serum)
Retinol (Vitamin "+ "A)
Retinyl palmitate
Tocopherol (alpha-, delta- & "+ "gamma-) Vitamin E
Carotene (alpha & "+ "beta)
Lutein
Lycopene
Astaxanthine
Coenzyme Q₁₀ "+ "(Ubiquinone-10)
Coenzyme Q₉ "+ "(Ubiquinone-45)
Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1)
25-hydroxy "+ "Vitamin D₃

Phytoestrogens "+ "(Plasma)
Daidzein
Genistein
Equol
Enterolactone "+ "

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (Air, "+ "Wipes)
Morphine
Oxycodone
Leuprolide
Vinca "+ "Alkaloids
Doxorubicin
Codeine "+ "

Surrogate Monitoring (Air, "+ "Wipes)
Lactose
Mannitol
Naproxen
Acetominophen "+ "

"+ "

Catecholamines "+ "(Plasma/Urine/Tissue)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

"+ "

"+ "

Acid Metabolites (Urine, Tissue)
Vanillylmandellic "+ "acid
Homovanillic acid
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid

"+ "

Guanine Adducts
8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (Urine / Tissue / "+ "Plasma)
2'-Deoxyguanosine (Plasma/Tissue)

"+ "

Thiols
Cysteine (Plasma)
Cysteinyl glycine "+ "(Plasma)
Glutathione (Total, Whole Blood)
Homocysteine "+ "(Total, Plasma)

"+ "

Tea Catechins (Plasma / "+ "Serum)
Catechin
Catechin-gallate
Epicatechin
Epigallocatechin
Epicatechin-3-gallate
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate "+ "

"+ "

Methods Development
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients / "+ "Precursors
Antibiotics- (e.g. tobramycin, neomycin, azithromycin "+ "etc.)
Vitamins in food, serum or plasma
Animal Studies

"+ "

"+ "", 450, 100 ); // metabolomics bottom popups[23] = new Array( '

', 730, 100 ); // metabolomics bottom popups[24] = new Array( '

', 730, 100 ); // metabolomics bottom popups[25] = new Array( '

', 640, 100 ); popups[26] = new Array( 'Magellan serves the worldwide clinical-diagnostics market with rapid point-of-care analyzers and automated systems for near-patient testing. Scientists use our discovery systems and sensors for cutting-edge research to develop a new understanding of health and illness - from disease pathology to biomarker identification. We design all our systems, sensors, and consumables to deliver better, more-reliable results. And better results help drive improved health outcomes: earlier, more-accurate diagnoses; breakthroughs that can lead to novel treatments, new cures - innovations to enhance life. A privately held company, Magellan serves customers through wholly owned subsidiaries: ESA Biosciences, Dynex Technologies, and TekCel. Click here to visit Magellan´s Web site.', 300, 100 ); popups[27] = new Array( 'TREK Diagnostic Systems is a global manufacturer and distributor of automated systems and consumable products for microbiology-based diagnostic testing that serves the clinical, pharmaceutical, and veterinary laboratory markets. Signature product lines, the VersaTREK® Automated Microbial Detection System and the Sensititre® Automated Susceptibility and Identification Testing System, are designed to provide cost-effective improvements in workflow efficiencies, ergonomics, and test-result performance. Click here to visit TREK\'s Web site', 300, 100 ); popups[28] = new Array ( '

', 620, 100 ); popups[29] = new Array ( '

Data analysis

Each technique has its own unique data-analysis menu. All data files are saved as ASCII files so they can easily be imported into spreadsheet or plot program.

This is the data-manipulation menu for cyclic voltammetry. The "Locate" button finds the peaks in the CV data. Once located, each peak can be analyzed for the peak height and area. Click here to see the results of the analysis of one peak in a typical CV curve. A semi-integral plot is also available.

The pulsed techniques have analyses for peak height and area. Chronoamperometry data can be converted to charge versus time and charge versus the square root of time plots.

', 620, 100 ); popups[30] = new Array ( '

', 370, 270 ); popups[31] = new Array ( '

Compliance Voltage	16 V
Compliance Current	40 mA
Applied Potential	2 V or 4 V
Data-Acquisition Rate	100 kHz throughput
D/A	12 Bit, 1 mV resolution minimum
A/D	12 Bit, 0.024% of full-scale range
Rise Time	10 μs, depends on sensitivity setting
Current Ranges	500 pA to 50 mA
Minimum Current	50 pA
Maximum Current	40 mA
Physical Dimensions	5.08 cm (H) x 27.94 (W) x 20.32 (D), 0.9 kg 2 in (H) x 11 in. (W) x 8 in. (D), 2 lbs

', 430, 345 ); popups[32] = new Array ( '

', 828, 1104 ); popups[33] = new Array ( '

Corona® CAD® White Papers

', 305, 420 ); popups[34] = new Array ( '

', 520, 585 ); popups[35] = new Array ( 'In a typical laboratory with a test volume of 500 tests per month and a send-out cost of $35 per test, adding the ESA Biosciences Vitamin D HPLC Test could reduce the annual send-out budget by $210,000. Cost per test for the ESA Vitamin D assay is similar to typical Vitamin D antibody and other protein-binding assays, with the added benefit of greater accuracy. Cost of the applicable HPLC systems vary. Reagent rental plans are available. Vitamin D is a fully reimbursable test – CPT code 82306.', 510, 585 ); popups[36] = new Array ( '

', 506, 556 );